2 TTL related registry on Windows client OS

1. Maximum time a client will cache positive results regardless what TTL a record holds:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Dnscache\Parameters\MaxCacheEntryTtlLimit

Note: A record will be cache on client for the period specified in

• record TTL or
• above registry value, whichever is less. 

2. When register its own record, the TTL sent to DNS server:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\DefaultRegistrationTTL

See Also

• Negative results are cached very differently. Please see Negative cache TTL on Windows-based DNS
• DNS Zone intervals - mapping values in Windows GUI to nslookup result for SOA record
  

DNS Zone intervals - mapping values in Windows GUI to nslookup result for SOA record

 
See above, click to see enlarge picture.

This is a screenshot of SOA record.

What the intervals are:

• (Most important one) Minimum default TTL: Default TTL for all records in the zone that don't have their own TTL defined during creation. This parameter is also used as TTL of negative cache
• TTL : TTL for the SOA record itself
• Refresh - This is how often (in seconds) the slave name servers check with the primary name server to see if any changes have been made to the zone
• Retry - This is the time (in seconds) a slave (secondary) DNS server waits before retrying a failed zone transfer
• Expires  - Indicates when the zone data is no longer authoritative - time counted from the point when slave loses contact with master. Applies to Slaves or Secondary servers only. When this expires, slave will no longer respond to queries

Update #1: Regarding negative caching, it is lesser of  Minimum Default TTL, SOA TTL, and 15min (defined in MaxNegativeTTL,  can be viewed with powershell cmdlet get-dnsservercache)

Update #2: One can set different values on SOA TTL and Minimum Default TTL, but Windows will set both to same value, whichever is smaller. Tested on Windows 2016

OS WMI Filter - OS version values

Version attribute	Windows release
NE	Any
95	Windows 95
98	Windows 98
ME	Windows Millennium Edition
NT	Windows NT operating system
2K	Windows 2000 operating system
XP	Windows XP
2K3	Windows Server 2003
2K3R2	Windows Server 2003 R2
VISTA	Windows Vista
Version attribute	Windows release
2K8	Windows Server 2008
WIN7	Windows 7
2K8R2	Windows Server 2008 R2
WIN8	Windows 8
WIN8S	Windows Server 2012
WINBLUE	Windows 8.1
WINBLUESRV	Windows Server 2012 R2
WINTHRESHOLD	Windows 10
WINTHRESHOLDSRV	Windows Server 2016, Windows Server operating system, Windows Server 2019